{"id":19088,"date":"2026-10-17T11:21:59","date_gmt":"2026-10-17T15:21:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.statutesandstories.com\/blog_html\/?p=19088"},"modified":"2026-10-17T13:41:45","modified_gmt":"2026-10-17T17:41:45","slug":"founding-pseudonyms-the-framers-pen-names-during-ratification","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.statutesandstories.com\/blog_html\/founding-pseudonyms-the-framers-pen-names-during-ratification\/","title":{"rendered":"“Founding Pseudonyms” (the Framers’ pen names during ratification)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Founding Pseudonyms<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>The Sixteen Pen Names used by Delegates to the Constitutional Convention (with published correspondence and speeches leading into the state ratification conventions)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Adam Levinson, Esq., in collaboration with John P. Kaminski, PhD<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

(Draft under construction)<\/p>\n

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The use of pseudonyms was ubiquitous in early American history.[1]<\/a> The most \u201cprolific and profound\u201d issue following the Revolutionary War was the debate over the ratification of the Constitution.[2]<\/a> Beginning in September of 1787 thousands of pseudonyms were used as Americans decided whether their government would be established based on \u201creflection and choice, or whether they are forever destined to depend for their political constitutions on accident and force.\u201d[3]<\/a><\/p>\n

As far as can be determined, the pseudonyms used by the delegates <\/em>to the Constitutional Convention (otherwise known as the \u201cframers\u201d)[4]<\/a> \u00a0have never been compiled into a single comprehensive list. The purpose of this blog post is to make available a readily accessible table of pseudonyms used by the framers of the Constitution during the ratification debates.[5]<\/a> It is hoped that this list will enable readers to track the publicly expressed opinions of the framers during the critical ten months when the nation undertook the monumental task of ratifying the most successful constitution in the history of the world.[6]<\/a> Writing from his diplomatic post in London, John Adams described the ratification struggle as \u201cthe greatest single effort of national deliberation that the world has ever seen.\u201d[7]<\/a><\/p>\n

Despite the general practice of anonymity, the opinions of several of the framers were directly reported in the press without pseudonyms. Accordingly, this blog post also compiles the public correspondence and speeches of the framers leading to their respective state ratification conventions in 1787 and 1788. To be sure, this blog builds on the work of generations of historians who have recognized the importance of the subject matter. For example, after decades of work by John P. Kaminski and the editors of the Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights<\/em> (\u201cDHRC<\/em>\u201d), the forty-seven volumes of this seminal collection are now available online and are word searchable.[8]<\/a><\/p>\n

Of the fifty-five delegates who attended the Constitutional Convention, only thirty-nine signed the Constitution. As demonstrated by the first table below, sixteen framers wrote pseudonymously during the ratification campaign. Of these sixteen delegates who used pen names, twelve were Federalists and four were Antifederalists. Several are believed to have written under multiple pen names during the ratification campaign (Alexander Hamilton, Elbridge Gerry, Roger Sherman and Rufus King). Where the identity of the author is not settled, a question mark is indicated in the table beside the pseudonym attributed to the delegate.<\/p>\n

Yet, not all delegates exclusively used anonymous pseudonyms. As indicated by a second chart of public correspondence and objections, eleven famous delegate letters\/essays were also widely reported in the press. Of these eleven communications, eight were written by the three delegates who refused to sign the Constitution on September 17 (Randolph, Mason and Gerry). Another three letters\/essays[9]<\/a> were written by delegates who departed the Convention early, after the Great Compromise (Yates, Lansing and Martin). It should be no surprise that these six delegates felt the need to publicly express their position, as they likely wanted to justify their dissent.<\/p>\n

George Washington\u2019s 17 September 1787 letter as the President of the Convention was unique. It was specifically authorized by his fellow delegates before they departed Philadelphia. The famous \u201cCover Letter\u201d transmitted the Constitution to the Confederation Congress meeting in New York City for formal distribution to the states. While Washington\u2019s Cover Letter reflected the official view of the Constitutional Convention that ratification was \u201cindispensable\u201d and the \u201cmost ardent wish\u201d of the framers, a second private letter by George Washington was widely printed without his authorization beginning in December of 1787. As several of these letters were circulated privately before being published, two sets of dates are included in the tables, the date of the underlying letter along with the subsequent first printing date.<\/p>\n

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As illustrated in the third table below, six delegate speeches were also widely published in the press prior to the state ratification conventions. Perhaps the most famous of the delegate speeches was Benjamin Franklin\u2019s final remarks at the Constitutional Convention on 17 September. Another critically important speech was James Wilson\u2019s \u201cSpeech at the State House Yard\u201d in Philadelphia on 6 October 1787, the first example of a delegate publicly advocating on behalf of the Constitution.[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

The published speeches by James McHenry and Luther Martin were delivered at the Maryland House of Delegates on 29 November 1787, at a meeting requested to provide information before the vote to call for the Maryland ratification convention. Similarly, the published speeches by Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and Charles Pinckney occurred during the three-day debate at the South Carolina House of Representatives prior to authorizing the South Carolina ratification convention. North Carolina delegate Hugh Williamson\u2019s speech of 8 November 1787 is comparable to James Wilson\u2019s speech, as both were publicly delivered, unofficially, by Federalists to large crowds outside of official proceedings.<\/p>\n

Attentive readers might ask why the following table includes the Antifederalist Federal Farmer<\/em> but omits other critical Antifederalist essays, including Brutus<\/em>, Cato<\/em> and Centinel<\/em>. The quick answer is that these widely respected pseudonymous essays were not written by delegates to the Constitutional Convention. A second follow-up post Founding Pseudonyms – Part II<\/strong> (pending) will discuss the most important pseudonymous essays by the \u201cother founders,\u201d who participated in the ratification debates but were not framers of the Constitution in Philadelphia. Likewise, the tables below purposely exclude key speeches by delegates at the state ratification conventions, which may be the subject of another future post.[11]<\/a><\/p>\n

The three following tables are an effort to collect all publicly available statements by the framers of the Constitution before the voting began in the state ratification conventions. In other words, what information was communicated to the public by the framers prior<\/em> to the ratification conventions? The answer is set forth below, for the first time in one place, in three easily accessible tables, along with citations to the DHRC<\/em>.[12]<\/a> In sum, sixteen delegates used pseudonyms during ratification (29% of the fifty-five Convention delegates).<\/p>\n

Pseudonymous Essays by Convention Delegates during the Ratification Debate<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Author, Party, State<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Pseudonym & number of essays<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Date first published<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Alexander Hamilton, Federalist (NY)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Anonymous letters to New York\u2019s Daily Advertiser<\/em> dated 21 July and 15 September 1787 preemptively attacking Governor Clinton for reprobating the Convention without reserve[13]<\/a>; Caesar<\/em> (2)?[14]<\/a>; Publius<\/em> (50 or 51)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

21 July 1787; 15 September 1787; 1 October; 27 October 1787[15]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

James Madison, Federalist (VA)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Publius<\/em> (29 or 30)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

22 November 1787[16]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Charles Pinckney, Federalist (SC)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Observations on the Plan of Government Submitted to the Federal Convention<\/em> (6)[17]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

14 October 1787[18]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

George Mason, Antifederalist (VA)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Cato Uticensis <\/em>(1)?<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

17 October 1787[19]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Oliver Ellsworth, Federalist (CN)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

A<\/em> Landholder<\/em> (13)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5 November 1787[20]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Elbridge Gerry, Antifederalist (MA)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Federal Farmer<\/em> (18); A Friend and Customer <\/em>(1)[21]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

8 November 1787[22]<\/a>; 18 April 1788[23]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Roger Sherman, Federalist (CN)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

A Countryman<\/em> (5); A Citizen of New Haven <\/em>(1)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

15 November 1787; 7 January 1788 [24]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Rufus King, Federalist (MA)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Proculus <\/em>(1)?; A Customer<\/em> (1)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

16 January 1788[25]<\/a>; 23 February 1788[26]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Luther Martin, Antifederalist (MD)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Genuine Information<\/em> (12)[27]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

8 February 1788[28]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

John Francis Mercer, Antifederalist (MD)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

A Farmer<\/em> (7)?<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

15 February 1788[29]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, Federalist (MD)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The Landholder X<\/em> (1)?<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

29 February 1788[30]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Benjamin Franklin, Federalist (PA)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

K<\/em> (1)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

8 April 1788[31]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

John Dickinson, Federalist (DE)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Fabius<\/em> (9)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

12 April 1788[32]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Gouverneur Morris, Federalist (PA)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

An American<\/em> (1)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

23 April 1788[33]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Edmund Randolph, refused to sign Constitution but subsequently supported ratification (VA)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Republican <\/em>(1)?<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

16 July 1788[34]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Hugh Williamson (NC); Federalist<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

A Republican <\/em>(1)[35]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

17 September 1788[36]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The following table lists eleven published letters by delegates to the Constitutional Convention which helped frame the public debate over the Constitution. Two of the eleven letters were formal transmission letters, written in September as part of the early public relations campaign by Federalists to promote ratification. For example, the October 25 report by Sherman and Ellsworth concluded by indicating that, \u201c[t]he Convention endeavored to provide for the energy of government on the one hand, and suitable checks on the other hand, to secure the rights of the particular states, and the liberties and properties of the citizens. We wish it may meet the approbation of the several states, and be a means of securing their rights and lengthening out their tranquility.\u201d[37]<\/a><\/p>\n

Eight of the eleven documents were written by six dissenting delegates who either refused to sign the Constitution or departed Philadelphia prior to September 17. In particular, the objections by Antifederalists George Mason and Elbridge Gerry were no doubt instrumental in the eventual proposal of the Bill of Rights by Congress after ratification.<\/p>\n

Public Correspondence\/Objections published during Ratification Debate<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0(several were circulated privately before being published)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Author, Party, State<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Description<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Date first published<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

George Washington, Federalist (VA)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Constitution\u2019s \u201cCover Letter\u201d transmitting Constitution to Congress, dated 17 September 1787<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

19 September 1787, Pennsylvania Packet<\/em> [38]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Roger Sherman & Oliver Ellsworth, Federalists (CN)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Report of Connecticut Delegates transmitting Constitution to Governor Samuel Huntington, dated 26 September 1787<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

25 October 1787, New Haven Gazette <\/em>[39]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

George Mason, Antifederalist (VA)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Mason\u2019s Objections to the Constitution, dated 7 October 1787<\/strong> (sent by Mason to George Washington, but printed without permission by Tobias Lear)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

21 November 1787, Massachusetts Centinel; <\/em>22 November 1787, Virginia Journal; <\/em>23 November 1787, Virginia Gazette <\/em>[40]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Edmund Randolph, Federalist (VA)[41]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Randolph\u2019s Reasons for Refusing to Sign the Proposed Federal Constitution, dated 10 October 1787<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

27 December 1787 (first published as a pamphlet)[42]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Elbridge Gerry, Antifederalist (MA)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Gerry\u2019s Objections to Signing the Constitution, letter to MA Assembly, dated 18 October 1787<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3 November 1787, Massachusetts Centinel [43]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

George Washington, Federalist (VA)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Washington\u2019s private letter to Charles Carter, dated 14 December 1787<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

27 December 1787, Virginia Herald<\/em> [44]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Robert Yates and John Lansing, Jr., Antifederalists (NY)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Yates and Lansing\u2019s Reasons of Dissent, letter to NY Governor Clinton, dated 21 December 1787<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

14 January 1788, New York Journal<\/em>; New York Daily Advertiser <\/em>[45]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Elbridge Gerry, Antifederalist (MA)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Gerry\u2019s Response to Landholder VIII, <\/em>defending his conduct at the Constitutional Convention, dated 3 January 1788<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

5 January 1788, Massachusetts Centinel <\/em>[46]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Luther Martin, Antifederalist (MD)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Luther Martin to the Printer Responding to Landholder VIII<\/em> and defending Gerry, dated 13 January 1788<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

18 January 1788, Maryland Journal <\/em>[47]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Luther Martin, Antifederalist (MD)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Luther Martin\u2019s Address Responding to Landholder X<\/em> (four essays by Martin)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

18 March 1788 to 4 April 1788, Maryland Journal<\/em> [48]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Elbridge Gerry, Antifederalist (MA)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Elbridge Gerry\u2019s Response to Landholder X<\/em>, published April 18<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

18 April 1788, Boston American Herald <\/em>[49]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The following table lists all six published speeches by delegates to the Constitutional Convention prior to their respective state ratification conventions. Interestingly, only speeches by Antifederalist Luther Martin were printed prior to the state ratification conventions. By contrast, five speeches by Federalists were widely reprinted and available to the public in advance of the ratification conventions.[50]<\/a> Click here<\/strong><\/a> for a blog post describing Wilson\u2019s speech as the \u201csingle most important speech in the debate over ratifying the Constitution.\u201d[51]<\/a> Click here<\/strong><\/a> for a blog post describing what are believed to be the five most important speeches during the ratification campaign (including Wilson\u2019s speech and Franklin\u2019s speech, along with three ratification convention speeches by John Hancock, Edmund Randolphi and Melancton Smith).[52]<\/a><\/p>\n

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Published Speeches during Ratification Debate<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(not including speeches at state ratification conventions)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Author, Party, State<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Description<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Date first published<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

James Wilson, Federalist (PA)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Wilson\u2019s famous Speech in the State House Yard, Philadelphia, 6 October 1787 (the first speech by a delegate defending the Constitution)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

9 October 1787, Pennsylvania Herald <\/em>(widely reprinted in about 40 newspapers) [53]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Benjamin Franklin, Federalist (PA)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Franklin\u2019s famous Convention speech of 17 September 1787<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

3 December 1787, Boston Gazette <\/em>[54]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

James McHenry, Federalist (MD)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

McHenry\u2019s Address to the Maryland House of Delegates, 29 November 1787 (Extract of a Letter from a Member of the House of Delegates, now sitting at Annapolis, to his Friend summarizing McHenry\u2019s speech)[55]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

7 December 1787, Maryland Journal<\/em> [56]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Luther Martin, Antifederalist (MD)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Martin\u2019s Address to the Maryland House of Delegates, 29 November 1787, published as Genuine Information<\/em> in twelve installments<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

8 February 1788, Maryland Gazette<\/em> [57]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Charles Cotesworth Pinckney & Charles Pinckney, Federalists (SC)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Speeches at the South Carolina House of Representatives during three days of debate (from 16\u201318 January) prior to calling for a state ratifying convention. [58]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

18 January 1788, Charleston City Gazette<\/em> [59]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Hugh Williamson, Federalist (NC)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Williamson\u2019s speech on 8 November 1787 at the Town of Edenton, NC, subsequently published as his \u201cRemarks on a New Form of Government\u201d<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

25 February 1788, New York Daily Advertiser <\/em>[60]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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Brief Historiography of Pseudonyms and Public remarks by the Framers<\/em><\/p>\n

In the late nineteenth century, historian Paul Leicester Ford began the process of compiling the key pseudonymous essays of the ratification debates. In 1888 Ford assembled fourteen ratification era essays in his Pamphlets on the Constitution of the United States<\/em>. Ford added another seventeen works with his\u00a0Essays on the Constitution<\/em>\u00a0in 1892.[61]<\/a> Many of Ford\u2019s attributions were subsequently challenged by historians.[62]<\/a> Most famously, in 1974 Gordon Wood convincingly demonstrated that the Antifederalist Federal Farmer<\/em> was not Richard Henry Lee of Virginia.[63]<\/a> While Wood declined to offer another attribution, he opined that the Federal Farmer was likely a resident of New York or Massachusetts. In 1988 John P. Kaminski floated his thesis that Elbridge Gerry was likely the Federal Farmer<\/em>.[64]<\/a> Click here<\/strong><\/a> for a link to a multi-part series arguing that Kaminski\u2019s attribution has been proven with recently uncovered sources and new analysis.<\/p>\n

In 1911 Yale historian Max Farrand published the three-volume Records of the Federal Convention of 1787<\/em>. Farrand gathered together all available documentary materials relating to the adoption of the Constitution. At the time, the manuscripts, notes and other records which told the story of drafting of the Constitution were not easily accessible as they were scattered in archives and private collections around the world. Much of the material had never been published. Farrand\u2019s work has since become the authoritative cannon which is regularly cited by generations of historians, biographers and courts.<\/p>\n

For the anniversary of the bicentennial of the Constitution in 1987, James Hutson and Leonard Rapport updated Farrand\u2019s work by publishing The Supplement to Max Farrand\u2019s The Records of the Federal Convention<\/em>. Hutson was the long-serving chief of the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress. Rapport was a legendary archivist with the National Archives. Their Supplement<\/em> added an assortment of \u201cnew\u201d materials discovered since 1911, including George Washington\u2019s diary, John Lansing\u2019s notes on debates, and hundreds of pages of other primary sources.<\/p>\n

Historians have long recognized that the United States Constitution and Bill of Rights were adopted during a remarkably open and democratic ratification process. Although the Antifederalists \u201clost\u201d the ratification debate in 1788, they are rightly entitled to be counted among the leaders of the \u201cfounding\u201d generation. While the Constitution was drafted by the Federalists, arguably \u201cthe spirit of American politics has more often been inspired by the Antifederalists.\u201d[65]<\/a><\/p>\n

Renewed appreciation for the role of the Antifederalists began in earnest in the 1960s. Historians Jackson Turner Main and Forrest McDonald are credited for their focus on Antifederalist scholarship in the early 1960s.[66]<\/a> Morton Borden published The Anti-Federalist Papers<\/em> in 1965, a collection of eighty-five Antifederalist essays intended to illustrate Antifederalist responses to each of the eight-five Federalist Papers<\/em>. While some historians may have considered Borden\u2019s organization of The Anti-Federalist Papers<\/em> to be \u201coverly contrived,\u201d Borden succeeded in bringing attention and scholarship to overlooked Antifederalist sources. Cecilia M. Kenyon also shined light on the subject in 1965 with her book, The Antifederalists. <\/em><\/p>\n

In 1981 Herbert J. Storing published seven volumes of Antifederalist materials under the ambitious title, The Complete Anti-Federalist<\/em>. Starting in 1976, Merrill Jensen, John P. Kaminski and Gaspare J. Saladino began the monumental process of publishing the authoritative Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights (DHRC)<\/em>. The preceding charts were largely compiled using the cumulative index of the DHRC<\/em>.<\/p>\n

In addition to Paul Leicester Ford\u2019s early compilations of important pseudonymous essays, other notable listings include Jackson Turner Main\u2019s list of twelve Antifederalist essays in Appendix C of his book. In 1990 Gaspare J. Saladino published a detailed article listing 67 pseudonymous essays by both Federalist and Antifederalists.[67]<\/a> At the time of Saladino\u2019s article, only eight volumes of the DHRC<\/em> had been published. When completed, the DHRC now contains several thousand pseudonymous essays and over 70,000 documents.[68]<\/a><\/p>\n

Additional scholarship about the Federalists and Antifederalists has included the following histories and collections:<\/p>\n